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Completion

Overall, the above results suggest that firms use different criteria for evaluating performance at different gates of the NPD process. These differences reflect the different managerial tasks that need to be performed successfully at each stage of the NPD process so as to ensure the overall success of the product (Tzokas et al., 2004).

Figure 9. New product development process (adapted from Cooper, 1990, 2008, 2009).